COURAGE

Свързване на колекции

During the Rákosi era, when religious life was oppressed and religious works, choirs, publishers, and institutions were banned, László Lajtha composed Catholic masses in Latin. Before, Lajtha had shown no interest in religious music.
His masses are Missa in tono Phrygio – “In diebus tribulationis” Op. 50 (1950), Missa pro choro mixto et organo Op. 54 (1952), and Magnificat, pour Choeur de Femmes et Orgue Op. 60 (1954). – Lajtha dedicated the Magnificat to Margit Tóth, a member of the Lajtha group and Trois Hymnes pour Sainte Vierge, pour Choeur à trois voix de Femmes et Orgue Op. 65 (1958).
The Missa in diebus tribulationis op.50. was composed between April to June in 1950. This was not much time, given that Lajtha was composing a mass, so he worked intensively. This period was very hectic in Lajtha’s personal life. In 1948, he returned from London and had to remain in Hungary because he was not given a passport. He was dismissed from all his all positions, and he had to sell his personal belongings to get money. He became lonely. His sons emigrated, and most of his friends lived abroad, in other European countries. Lajtha always highlighted his rejection of socialism. Composing a mass was one of the ways in which he expressed this rejection. His mass was performed first in 1957, when István Vermes, the head of Magyar Radio (Hungarian Radio), decided to present works by composers who were under pressure from the communist regime. Although the cultural policies of the Kádár era were less radical, this kind of masterpiece still stood a good chance of being banned. Magda Kelemen, who knew Lajtha’s work as a composer, proposed changing the mass’s title to Phrygian Mass (Mise fríg hangnemben). This title seemed less explicit as an expression of opposition to the socialist regime. The mass was presented by Magyar Radio in 1957. In 1989, it was performed again, and in the 1990s a performance was recorded on CD.

The interview done by Menyhért Lakatos is a unique part of the István Kemény collection. After the sociologists had done interviews with Roma individuals, they faithfully transcribed them, always maintaining the distinctive style of the person interviewed. The interview done by Lakatos was probably not transcribed on the basis of a sound recording, however. It seems that Lakatos reconstructed the discussion afterwards on the basis of his notes.

Lakner László: Identity I. (Rope), 1969, oil on canvas, 120 × 50 cm; rope: 159 × 54 cm

The work of László Lakner entitled Identity I. (Rope) was shown first at the second Iparterv exhibition, which is known as one of the most important manifestations of the Hungarian neoavantgarde. The work consists of two parts: one of the panels is formed by a piece of rope vertically stretched to a frame; the second panel is a painted depiction of a similarly sized and positioned piece of rope. The painted panel is framed as well, but a little shorter in length. The painted rope is depicted realistically and in detail. Its colour is a little darker than the object, and it is a little curvier. The painted part is a little bit splattered at some places, and this, together with the slight curvature, creates a sense of a slam, a hit. The painted rope rolls to the left, the real rope rolls to the right.

The film is about a group of young artists and intellectuals (called Muskátli’s group), which was named after a café in Budapest that was their favourite meeting point in the city centre. The first part of the movie focuses on dr. László Végh, who was a physician and an avant-garde musician at the same time and also the protagonist of the circle. The interviewees remember the extravagant activity of dr. László Végh (e.g. playing experimental music) and the group, followed by official footage that shows the parallel structures of the socialist regime (this method was also used in the other parts of the series).

The second part of the movie presents the artistic and community salon of Pál Petrigalla. After the revolution of 1956, Petrigalla began to organize musical and (beginning in the 1960s) literary and other artistic events in his private apartment, which was located in a central neighbourhood of the city (close to the House of Parliament, the Soviet Memorial, and the American Embassy). Around these events, a community was established (with cc. 150-200 members). In many respects, Petrigalla was ahead of his time. He was a forerunner for the cultural centre directors who in the late 1960s provided space for artistic projects and exhibitions which did not belong to the realm of supported art, but could be categorized as tolerated or prohibited.

The third part of Kisfaludy’s movie begins with the memories of boat trips that are interpreted by the participants as a form of cultural escapism (cultural resistance). This section also concentrates on the intergenerational relationships between the representatives of the (old) classical avant-garde (e.g. Lajos Kassák, Dezső Korniss, etc.) and (young) neo-avant-garde as a personal, political and aesthetical connection. Another important aspect was the influence of contemporary western movies, especially French cinema (nouvelle vague), which was very appealing to young intellectuals. Later, many of the members of the group became film directors or worked in movie production.
The interviewees also talk about an emblematic new year’s eve party, which lasted almost 10 days at a private apartment. As the participants mention, over the course of these ten days people engaged in subversive activities. Even French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson made an appearance at the party.
Törvénytelen muskátli follows historical chronology. This part covers the revolt of 1968.  The problem of political engagement came up in the interviews. Interestingly, most of the speakers interpret their own (cultural) activities in a historical context. Following the logic of this narrative, these activities were against the dominant ideology, but not directly political. According to the interpretations given by the participants, "it was cultural resistance.”