Jiří Gruša was born in Pardubice on the 10^th of November, 1938. He studied history and philosophy at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University, where he graduated in 1962. From 1964 to 1970 he worked as an editor in several periodicals: Nové knihy, Výběr z nejzajímavějších knih, Zítřek, as well as in the magazines Tvář and Sešity pro mladou literaturu, which he also founded. The end of his editorial work was related to his prosecution in 1969-1970 because of his book Mimner. Although he was liberated, he worked in professions unrelated to literature in the following years. Gruša gained experience in many roles, such as an administrator, a librarian, and a construction consultant. But Gruša has been writing continuously and in 1972 he founded the samizdat´s Publishing house Petlice with Ludvík Vaculík, and since 1980 resumed his familiar profession as a writer.

Due to the impossibility of official publishing, he published his texts in samizdats and exile publishing houses. In 1981 he travelled to the USA after receiving a literary scholarship, but during his stay abroad he was deprived of Czechoslovak citizenship. Gruša returned to Europe and was forced to exile in Germany. After 1989, he worked in diplomatic services, then in 1991 as Ambassador in Germany, in 1997 as Minister of Education, in 1998-2004 as Ambassador in Austria, and another five years as Director of the Diplomatic Academy in Vienna. At the same time he was President of the International PEN Club.

Gruša started his artistic work as a poet, but from the mid-1960s he focused on prose. Gruša's poetic style is very intellectual, writing a number of hidden references, characterised by his criticism of the regime. Important works include Orwellian dystopia: Mimner aneb Hra o smraďocha, Dotazník aneb Modlitba za jedno město. Since the 1990s, Gruša has turned to essays: Česko, návod k použití, Šťastný bezdomovec, Beneš jako Rakušan. Gruša has won a number of awards because of his literary work, including the Jiří Kolář Prize in 1976, two years later the Egon Hostovský Prize, and in 2002 the Magnesia Litera and the Jaroslav Seifert Prize. Jiří Gruša died on October 28, 2011 in Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.

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Местоположение:
- Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
- Praha, Prague, Czech Republic

Grybkauskas, Saulius

Saulius Grybkauskas is a senior research fellow at the Lithuanian Institute of History. He defended his PhD ‘Industrial Management in Soviet Lithuania. Tensions and Conflicts, 1965-1985’ in 2007. Grybkauskas is the author of two books and a number of research articles. His main research interests include the Soviet nomenklatura, KGB activity, Soviet economic policy, and the Soviet regime's control of society.

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Местоположение:
- 01109 Vilnius Kražių gatvė 5 , Lithuania

Grygar, Milan

Milan Grygar is a Czech painter and graphic designer. He studied at the Academy of Arts in Brno and the Academy of Applied Arts in Prague. His work mainly focuses on the relationship and links between the visual and aural aspects of artistic expression. In 1965 he created his first acoustic drawing. Grygar recorded the emergence of these acoustic drawings on tape recordings. Since the end of the 1960s he has also created “tactile” acoustic drawings, where he joined sound with the gestures of the human body. During the mid-1960s, he created a series of conceptual scores based on acoustic drawings. At the end of the 1980s, Grygar returned to painting (the series Black Paintings, Polemics with a Square, Antiphone), but where the role of sound continues to be important.

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Grzegorzewski, Jerzy

Jerzy Grzegorzewski was a theatre director, scenographer, scene writer and a painter. During his 50-years-long career, he worked in most of the acknowledged Polish theatres. He held the office of a general director of the National Theatre (1997-2005) and the Studio Theatre (1982-1997) in Warsaw, directed plays in Stefan Jaracz Theatre in Łódź (1970-1976) and the Old Theatre in Cracow (1978-1982). Additionally, he was an artistic director of the Polish Theatre in Wrocław (1978-1981). He had his first play directed in 1961, while the last one directed in 2005. He played a decisive role in the creation of the artistic vision of the Studio Theater in Warsaw, which he managed from 1981 to 1997. After his death, the Studio Theater decided to establish a special unit – the Jerzy Grzegorzewski Archive, in order to document and preserve his legacy. Grzegorzewski is considered one of the most important creators of the contemporary Polish theatrical scene, as he managed to balance the avant-garde theatrical vision alongside the respect towards the tradition and literature. This was the reason why he was criticized by different groups of theater enthusiasts – for the avant-garde movement he was too conservative, while the traditionalists considered him too subversive. Paradoxically enough, this ambivalent position helped him to become the director of Studio Theatre in the 1980s. His works were considered too distinct and peculiar by the Communist Party’s authorities, and thus, he was not perceived as a threat to the dominant socialist narrative. During his career he received national and international awards, while his spectacles were shown abroad as an outstanding example of the Polish contemporary theatre. Notwithstanding, even if not openly political, the plays staged by Grzegorzewski have always opposed the dominant socialist paradigm of the individual and the collective.

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Местоположение:
- Poland

Grzegorzewski, Zbigniew

In 2009 Zbigniew Grzegorzewski donated to the Institute of National Remembrance a 30-minute video recording from reverend Jerzy Popiełuszko's funeral in November 1984 in Warsaw. The author of the film remains unknown, but the footage shows the social mobilization around the murdered priest and the climate in Warsaw just after the end of Martial Law.
Unfortunately, no further information about Grzegorzewski and his involvement in the dissent movement is available.

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Местоположение:
- Warszawa, Warsaw, Poland